This research explains the impact of informal institutions (corruption control) and formal institutions (number of procedures, education and entrepreneurship training and skills, access to credit and technology absorption) on entrepreneurship development in 10 in selected Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries, including Iran during 2005 –,2019. The type of study is descriptive. The present article estimates a panel data model by using the available data from international statistical institutes. Eviews and Stata14 software’, s are used for the calculations. The results show that the if corruption control increases, the entrepreneurship will increase, since there is a positive and significant relationship between corruption control and formal institutions, and entrepreneurship development. Among the MENA countries, corruption control has the least impact on entrepreneurship in Iran and the highest impact in Qatar. Also, corruption control, training and skills and technology absorption have had great impacts on the entrepreneurship development.

Abstract: Nowadays, human capital is considered as the most important asset for the development of institutions, organizations and firms. Researchers have found that enhancement of individual authenticity is the base for social improvement of spontaneous innovation, founding significant cultural progress and consequently influential industry, entrepreneurship and economy. Strengthening of human capital is obtained when individuals get enhanced spiritually. Indeed, virtue and moral ethics of the authentic individual is the most important factor for the emergence of idea novelty and pragmatic potentials of innovative forces. Applied approach to the authenticity of the creative individuals and ethics create competitive advantages in the institution, because it reduces moral vices and ensures the health of the administrative apparatus. In this article, we discuss (descriptively and interpretively) how an authentic individual, in the bed of institutions and by playing a role in the implementation of top-down and bottom-up policies, can express his innovative talents in order to achieve major progress. Also, the role of formal institutions in serving, setting disciplines and providing a healthy supportive environment for the activities of the authentic individual as well as the role of informal institutions as facilitators of participation of lower level actors has been described. In the end, it is concluded that innovation, meritocracy, livelihood prosperity and economic justice can prevail through enhancing virtue enrichment of individuals.

Taxes are a fundamental aspect of modern life. The funds that governments get from taxes are used to provide essential services and public goods. Therefore, people's willingness to pay taxes plays an important role in the economic and social well-being of any country. The approach of this research is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, which presents its model in the qualitative part based on grounded theory, and structural equation modeling (SEM) is used in the quantitative part. The statistical population of this research was conducted in the qualitative section, including 12 experts and elites of the country's tax affairs organization and university elites with high experience, who were selected by the snowball method, and interviews were used to collect the required data. In the quantitative part, the statistical population was selected based on the recommendations of using confirmatory models of 270 managers and financial experts. After the implementation, the textual data were analyzed using three successive stages of open, central and selective coding, and finally the research paradigm model was developed. The results show that the pattern of tax sentiment is based on the central category of virtual space, democracy and advertising, which is formed under the influence of causal conditions. This process begins with causal conditions and leads to the formation of a central category that helps to strengthen tax morale by using strategies, and its consequence is the improvement of economic indicators, the improvement of social indicators and the fight against money laundering. The lack of tax justice, flexibility and complexity of tax laws are also among the conditions interfering with the model of tax morale, and creating a culture and establishing tax justice are among the strategies to strengthen tax morale.

This study investigates the role of formal and informal institutions in facilitating knowledge and technology transfer between Iran and its neighboring countries. As a cornerstone of economic growth and development, knowledge and technology transfer fosters innovation, enhances productivity, and reduces reliance on raw materials. In this context, formal and informal institutions act as critical enablers of the process. However, institutional barriers such as weak intellectual property rights, inefficiencies in administrative systems, sanctions-related restrictions, and cultural challenges have impeded the establishment of a conducive ecosystem for regional technological collaboration. Using bibliometric analysis in R software and guided by institutional theory, this research examines these challenges and proposes actionable strategies. The findings emphasize the importance of strengthening social capital, developing intermediary institutions, enhancing research infrastructure, and designing innovative policies to promote effective knowledge and technology transfer. Additionally, the study underscores the pivotal role of strong linkages between formal and informal institutions in fostering regional and international collaboration.

Entrepreneurship is a process that plays a vital role in the continuation of national growth and development and even the global economy. The improvement of entrepreneurship creates new economic opportunities and businesses in society. Today, evidence shows that women entrepreneurship, given that women make up half of the active population, can increase production and sales, increase capital, economic prosperity, competitiveness and exports, and overall economic development and Help women flourish themselves. The present study was performed to assess the effect of Institutional Proponents of Women’ s Entrepreneurial Business success through the Mediating Effect of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (Studied Case, Entrepreneurial Women of Khuzestan Province). The sampling method was a simple random sampling technique and data were collected using questionnaire. A total of 283 questionnaires were administered to the participants. Data were analysed using version 22. 0 of SPSS and AMOS 18 software. A positive and significant relationship was observed between institutional proponents and women’ s entrepreneurial business success. Entrepreneurial self-Efficacy play a mediating role in the relationship between institutional proponents and women’ s Entrepreneurial Business success. At the end of the study, research implications and limitations were discussed for future studies.

The climate change phenomenon is considered as one of the important environmental challenges in the 21st century. The most impacts of this phenomenon are focused on industries and establishments such as agriculture and fishery that is depended on natural resources. Resilience considered as a practical approach for compatibility of this phenomenon and the creation of sustainable development. Since networks, especially formal networks such as institutional networks, can play a key role in creating and promoting resilience against climate change, the present study is conducted through a network analysis approach and with the aim of fundamental analyses in the field of resilience against climate change. The statistical population of the present study consists of the small beneficiary owners in Tarom County in Zanjan province. Through network analysis, the dominant statistical method of the research considered as the sociometry and extraction of network centrality indices. According to the findings, two agencies namely Agriculture Jihad Organization, and Banks and Credit and Financial Institution play a major role in the educational information network and technical services, respectively. In the financial facilities network, banks and credit and financial institutions, and the Agricultural Jihad Organization rank first and second in providing the financial services and consulting, respectively. The findings demonstrated that many institutions that can play a constructive role in the field of resilience against climate change, such as the insurance organization, have been secluded and marginalized.

Many philosophers and logicians have contemplated the relationship between ontology and logic. The author of this paper, working within a Bolzanoan-Husserlian tradition of studying both ontology and logic, considers ontology as the science of the most general features of beings and the most general relations among them. He considers logic as the science concerning the most general statements of all (natural or artificial) languages and the most general relations among them from an inferential point of view. It is possible to see logic in a broader sense as the science of all kinds of relations among all kinds of entities, acts, and processes stating some (objective, subjective, artificial, or conventional) reality. These entities, acts, and processes are not individual, rather, they are idealized, such that their universals may be instantiated at all times and in all places. In formal ontology we search for the properties of those structures of the reality that are formally similar. So we may find some formal truths applying to all things and/or properties and/or processes in different areas of objective/subjective/fictional reality.Surveying briefly the most important relations of logic and ontology in both analytic and phenomenological traditions, the author focuses on this central point: If reality is one as the unity of more or less interconnected and interactive beings of all physical, nonphysical and artificial types, the system of inference too may be one as the unity of more or less interconnected statements of all natural and artificial types. The universal system of inference may be divided into several relatively separate subsystems (having a more or less degree of connection) just as the unified reality has divided into several relatively separate fields (having a more or less degree of connection and interaction). According to such a model for corresponding realities and sciences within the unified reality and the unified science, the author assumes the possibility of beginning to construct both the comprehensive system of reference and the comprehensive formal ontology, both covering all possible members of their own field and being parallel and correspondent to each other, a long-run work, of course, very difficult to do.